What is a transformer? This is a device capable of converting current. The measurement takes place by means of electromagnetic induction. The operation of the transformer is based on the following principles:
- Modification of the existing magnetic flux that passes through the winding and the electromagnetic induction observed in the winding used. Popular models, the functionality of which allows you to work at ultra-high and high frequencies, may not have a magnetic core. The best or ideal transformer will be the device that does not have any energy losses during the heating of the windings, and their dissipation flows.
- A time-varying electric current will create a time-varying magnetic field.
In popular models and novelties in the world of transformers, the connected power lines will pass through the turns of both coils. All incoming electrics go to the magnetic field through the primary circuit. After in the secondary circuit. In this case, the coefficient of incoming energy will be identical to the converted one.
The first prerequisites for the creation of equipment of this type were associated with the study of electromagnetic induction. Faraday is to be thanked for its discovery. Based on the data obtained, in 1848 Ruhmkorf Heinrich Daniel began his work, which soon allowed the world to see the first induction coil.Such exercises were forced, as a unit was being developed that would allow converting direct current into alternating current. It was Ruhmkorf who first noticed that Fadey's development made it possible to create high voltage currents.
The modern world does not stand still and a huge number of various electrical appliances are now used in everyday life, the foundation for which is laid even during the construction of the house. To significantly reduce energy consumption, innovative technologies are used, as well as a number of such manipulations:
- manufacturers use auxiliary windings and durable materials;
- the best and highest quality transformer oils are used;
- resort to the help of modern insulating materials.
High-tech electronic transformers are equipped with a closed core, while the primary windings will be connected in parallel. To this day, the applied technology is being tried in every possible way to improve. However, the emphasis is on the cores.
A search is underway for a material that would help reduce the energy loss factor, which would lead to an increase in system efficiency.
Principle of operation
The design features of the unit are such that it is based on the use of the effect of electromagnetic induction. What does it consist of:
- insulated wire;
- windings;
- magnetic circuit (metal).
The primary winding is the winding to which electricity is supplied. The secondary is connected to electrical appliances that operate subject to the presence of a constant power supply, and also consumes current. After the transformer is connected to the alternating current source, the formation of an alternating magnetic flux in its primary winding begins.By means of a magnetic circuit, it will be transferred to the turns of the secondary winding. If a household appliance is connected, then a current will appear in the secondary winding circuit.
The ratio of the voltage coefficients of the device (output and input) will be directly proportional to the number of turns on the winding. A similar value has a designation - the transformation ratio. The windings can be placed in the form of coils that are "one on top of the other" or in the form of separate elements. In budget models, the winding is made of enamel or cotton insulation.
For micro transformers, the thickness of the winding made of aluminum foil is no more than 25 microns. By natural oxidation of the foil, an oxide film is formed, which is used by the best companies as an insulating material.
Characteristics
The main aspects should include:
- The shape of the applied magnetic circuit. It can be armored, toroidal or rod.
- The number of windings. There are multi-winding and double-winding models.
- Number of phases. In the online store you can buy three-phase and single-phase devices.
- transformation method. It can be down or up.
- The voltage indicator is the main mistake when choosing. There are high-potential (for substations), low-voltage and high-voltage installations.
The rated power indicator is considered an important selection criterion and is reflected in the description of the equipment. It is measured in volt-amperes. Boundary coefficients may differ depending on the number of phases and other important characteristics. When reviewing low-power designs, it can be noted that they are capable of converting up to 20 volt-amperes.With an average power factor, the device will convert hundreds of volt-amperes, while high-power designs operate with a figure measured in thousands of volt-amperes.
Separation by frequency change:
- reduced frequency - 50 Hz or less;
- industrial frequencies - 50 Hz;
- increased industrial frequencies - 400-2000 Hz;
- increased frequencies - 1000 Hz and less.
What are
Thanks to the world's best manufacturers offering high-quality products, transformers have become widespread. Are applied both in living conditions, and the industry. Their main use is industry and transmission of electricity over long distances with subsequent distribution. No less famous are electrothermal or welding transformers. Based on the name, it can be concluded that the equipment is used in the repair and manufacture of installations using a welding machine. It should also be noted that the devices are also used to supply power to electrothermal installations. Used to provide power to various types of equipment. Depending on the main functions and purpose, they are divided into several categories.
Current strength
With their help, it is possible to convert the voltage to the required coefficient. Based on statistical data, they are often used for radio and electrical measurements, as well as in the development of galvanic isolation.
Current transformers
Sufficiently durable structures that help improve the performance of electric energy metering circuits, protect used energy lines and autotransformers. They differ in terms of performance and dimensions.They can act both as stand-alone devices and can be placed in the case of small devices. Which one is better to buy? You should first familiarize yourself with the varieties.
Kinds | Description |
Intermediate | Used to implement the re-conversion function. |
Protective | The connection is made directly to the protective circuits. |
Measuring | Used to supply current to control and measurement devices. |
Power
This type of transformer is considered the most popular and is used in industry. It is used both for lowering and for increasing the current strength. It is mounted on separate sections of power lines. In the direction from capacities to consumers, energy can meet with similar power plants several times. It all depends on the distance of individual consumers. Before being supplied to lighting, household or other appliances, the energy goes through a stage of inverse transformation. This is due to the step-down transformers used.
TDM Electric ТП-230V/8-12-24VAC 8VA
Compact and incredibly easy to use fixture that can be easily placed in a control cabinet. Due to it, intercoms, alarms and calls are powered. According to buyers, the price set by the manufacturer for the device is more than justified.
The average price is 600 rubles.
TDM Electric ТП-230V/8-12-24VAC 8VA
Advantages:
- Convenient mounting (due to the 2-position support directly on the DIN rail). Fixation is possible in any direction.
- Excellent insulating properties. The interlayer is located between the secondary and primary windings. Thus, even an inexpensive fixture received unsurpassed short-circuit protection.
- For the manufacture of the case, high-quality plastic is used, which belongs to the category of non-combustible materials.
- Equipped with multiple terminals (non-slip). This allows the secondary winding to supply power to the load with three different voltages.
- A small device used to power reduced variables. Powers automation equipment, signaling devices and intercoms.
Flaws:
CVGaudio T-20/16
Step-down transformer. It is used in combination with acoustic systems, which are connected to the broadcast line. The device has four outputs. Used for taps with different power factors. It is possible to connect a speaker in 100 V mode with a power of 2.5/5/10/20 W. Equipped with legs that can be conveniently fixed on the body of the audio system. Recommended power factor 35-50 W.
The price of the product is 700 rubles.
CVGaudio T-20/16
Advantages:
- no sound distortion;
- for greater ease of connection, cables of different colors are used;
- the kit includes an auxiliary cable (15 m.), whose ends are tinned and protected;
- acceptable cost.
Flaws:
TR-08 8VAC
A compact and high-quality device that is used to power household appliances that need voltage stabilization. Power factor (maximum) - 8 V. Simultaneous use with a stabilizer is possible. Before making a choice, it should be noted that the kit will cost 950 rubles.
TR-08 8VAC
Advantages:
- output current power 1 A;
- the presence of screw clamps that provide high-quality fastening;
- acceptable dimensions;
- fuse that operates at a temperature of + 115 ° C;
- operation is possible at a temperature of -25°C - +35°C.
Flaws:
- no short circuit protection;
- overpriced.
Gals ET-190E 60W
Oriented to halogens (low voltage), with a power of 12 V. The maximum power factor reaches 60 watts. Functions normally when connected to a network of 220 V (household).
It should be noted that the length of the wire to the lighting fixture should not exceed two meters.
The price of the model is 600 rubles. Buying online directly from the manufacturer's website will cost less.
Gals ET-190E 60W
Advantages:
- acceptable cost;
- no noise during operation;
- smoothness of inclusion;
- compact dimensions.
Flaws:
- protection against short circuit due to corrosion is not provided.
Lightstar 517250 UNI
A stylish novelty from the Italian concern, which will perfectly fit into any interior. A characteristic feature can be called the fact that the model practically does not stand out against the general background. There are three-stage protection and soft start, which guarantees uninterrupted operation of the device. Fits under halogen lamps. Power indicator (minimum) - 50 V.
The price of the set starts from 1550 rubles.
Lightstar 517250 UNI
Advantages:
- no risk of overheating due to the mounted thermostat and thermostat;
- at the moment of a short circuit, an automatic shutdown occurs, as with a power surge;
- when the resistance indicator drops, the system turns off;
- soft start makes the life of lighting fixtures longer;
- modern design.
Flaws:
- the system will turn off if the light bulb burns out;
- cost (brand markup).
ET 190 B Ecoline
The model can be purchased in a plastic case.Designed for low voltage halogen lamps. The power indicator of lighting fixtures will be 12 V. In the kit, the manufacturer provides a two-meter wire. During the installation process, one important aspect that should not be overlooked is the availability of free space to improve air circulation around the appliance. If this condition is not met, then overheating of the structure is possible, which will lead to subsequent breakdown. Also, when buying, you need to pay attention to the permissible power rating, which should not be exceeded.
The cost is 550 rubles.
ET 190 B Ecoline
Advantages:
- protection index ip20;
- compactness;
- possibility of work at a temperature of +70 °.
Flaws:
- the temperature in the room should not exceed + 40 ° C;
- no short circuit protection;
- block is not dimmable;
- bare contacts that are not covered by anything.
Feron 250W 220-12V TRA-110
Excellent and inexpensive transformer from a Chinese manufacturer. Numerous positive reviews speak in favor of buying this unit. The concern has been on the market for more than 20 years, and is a real competitor to many American and European brands. The main principle of the company is: excellent quality at an affordable price.
The price of the structure is 450 rubles.
Feron 250W 220-12V TRA-110
Advantages:
- efficiency factor - 95%;
- no loud noise during operation;
- protection against short circuit and overheating - a thermostat is installed;
- smooth descent;
- acceptable cost;
- relatively small weight of the structure;
- compactness;
- operating voltage 12 V.
Flaws:
- unusual body color;
- The box is made of not the best quality plastic.
Flesi 240/12B
An almost indispensable assistant in the design and decoration of the house, as well as the courtyard area. LED strips are connected to it, as well as garlands, for which you will not have to worry about afterwards. The maximum power rating is 300 watts. It is allowed to simultaneously connect 6 best ones, each of which will have 38 watts.
Price - 850 rubles.
Flesi 240/12B
Advantages:
- well-advertised brand;
- numerous recommendations from experts;
- high degree of protection against moisture and dust - IP
Flaws:
- inflated cost due to brand advertising.
360W 410 360 Lightstar
The model is released by one of the best Italian brands. Has a power of 360 watts. At the output, the voltage is 12 V. It is permissible to attach a tape 5 meters long.
The cost of the kit is 2800 rubles.
360W 410 360 Lightstar
Advantages:
- the design is immune to high humidity;
- resistance to high temperatures;
- built-in surge protection;
- the body is made of aluminum;
- to connect wires and tapes, a mounting block is used, which is included in the kit;
- Special holes are placed in the case for greater ease of installation.
Flaws:
- for spacious rooms, a length of five meters will not be enough;
- high price.
Rexant 200-200-2 200W
Multifunctional and very compact design, which is designed to feed LED strips and other decorative lighting elements. It is equipped with a 220 V power supply that delivers 12 V each. The manufacturer took care of protection against short circuits and overheating of the product.Due to this, the device is often advised by experts. The use of high technology has made it possible to achieve excellent stability in operation. The high-quality aluminum case protects radioelements from the accumulated heat.
Price - 4900 rubles. including delivery.
Rexant 200-200-2 200V
Advantages:
- protection against current loss and oxidation;
- the case is protected from moisture - ip67;
- for stable and more reliable fastening, special terminals on the case are used;
- even with an unstable voltage, a stable output current is observed.
Flaws:
- high humidity will be detrimental to the structure;
- high price.
Elektrostandart 12V 150W IP00
A great option for maintaining and normal functioning of LED strips and other decorative elements. All key elements are securely hidden under a metal case. A perforated lid is installed to improve heat transfer. For the manufacture of the product, only high-quality materials are used. The product is certified and meets all necessary safety requirements. Possibility to connect two LED strips at the same time. The model is equipped with a fuse and a convenient mounting block.
The cost of the kit is 2700 rubles.
Elektrostandart 12V 150W IP00
Advantages:
- durable case;
- improved heat transfer due to the design features of the model;
- powerful and reliable;
- stable and long-term work;
- The case is protected from moisture and dust.
Flaws:
- price;
- the possibility of purchasing defective goods.
Best designs with 220-12/24V change
LATR Uniel U TDGC2 0.5
Modern unit, which is equipped with numerous auxiliary options.The manufacturer thought out the presence of highly efficient air cooling that can cope with maximum loads. It is allowed to adjust the output voltage - 0-330 Volts. The input indicator is 220 Volts at a frequency of 50 Hz. Can be used to perform a variety of tasks. Installation is acceptable in production, workshops, private homes and laboratories. There is a liquid crystal display that displays the current voltage indicator. Thanks to this, you can easily control the compliance of the set indicators with the real ones.
Cost - 3200 rubles.
LATR Uniel U TDGC2 0.5
Advantages:
- manual adjustment of indicators is acceptable;
- durable case;
- built-in voltmeter;
- liquid crystal display.
Flaws:
- not the most profitable purchase in terms of price and quality;
- grounding is required;
- for connection, additional terminals must be purchased.
OSO - 0.4 kVA 220/24 V
Domestic product. The design is designed to work in heated and enclosed spaces. The temperature in the room must be stable. Sunlight should be avoided at all costs on the surface of the case.
Price - 2100 rubles.
OSO - 0.4 kVA 220/24
Advantages:
- long service life;
- the location in the room will not play a special role;
- stationary structure.
Flaws:
- overcharge;
- low protection class;
- dust is a factor that can affect the performance of devices.
TS40/12-24C ABB
The design of a well-known manufacturer of high-quality electronics and protection devices. Connects to networks characterized as ultra-low (corresponding voltage indicator).In this case, the maximum power factor should not exceed 40 V. Accidental contact with the secondary winding is allowed.
Price - 3500-4200 rubles.
TS40/12-24C ABB
Advantages:
- after troubleshooting, power is automatically restored;
- protection against short circuit and overload;
- high service life;
- compactness.
Flaws:
RESANTA LATR TDGC2-2
Product from a domestic manufacturer. It is used to test modern electrical appliances. It can be used as a protective structure for private houses. Handles sudden power surges. The high service life and the corresponding build quality speak in favor of this model. Manual adjustment up to 250 Volts is allowed. The pointer voltmeter is built into the front panel of the unit.
The price of the kit is 5000 rubles.
RESANTA LATR TDGC2-2
Advantages:
- high service life;
- acceptable cost;
- built-in voltmeter.
Flaws:
- availability of auxiliary options;
- high weight, which is extremely inconvenient during transportation.
Neon-Night 220-24 V, 30 W
The design converts the voltage to suit the user who needs low voltage power. The company's reputation is good, and the product is lightweight. It is used if there is a need to connect auxiliary lighting devices. For the structure to work, you will need to connect lighting devices to the network. Turning off and on the lighting is carried out by using the built-in switch in the primary network.
Price - 5900 rubles.
Neon-Night 220-24 V, 30 W
Advantages:
- high-quality materials are used for the manufacture of the case;
- famous brand;
- high coefficient of reliability;
- economy.
Flaws:
- unacceptable indicator of moisture and dust protection.
Lightstar UNI 517150
Step-down transformer. Equipped with an electronic circuit and connected to a circuit consisting of latest generation halogen bulbs. Lighting devices can have a voltage factor of 12 V. The circuit involves such important elements as a thermostat and a thermostat. They protect the system from incorrect connection and overheating. In the event of a short circuit or sudden power surge, the system will automatically turn off. After the network status stabilizes, the device will turn on.
Price - 350 rubles.
Lightstar UNI 517150
Advantages:
- automatic shutdown in case of an emergency;
- soft start increases the operational life of the devices;
- the transformer will turn off if the light bulb burns out, thus protecting the entire network and other lighting fixtures from possible overload.
Flaws:
Rating of the best devices with a change in 220-110 V
Robiton 3P100
High quality step down transformer. According to buyers - the perfect solution for arranging a private home. The product is fully certified. The relevant information is indicated in the product data sheet. It belongs to the category of low-power units, which are fed with a voltage of 110 V. This allows it to work in conjunction with a large number of electronic installations.
What is the price? The kit will cost the buyer 700 rubles.
Robiton 3P100
Advantages:
- European plug, for greater ease of use;
- there is protection against short circuit and overload - temperature fuse;
- quality control at each stage of production;
- products are certified.
Flaws:
- only one device can be fed.
LATR PHO 250 0.5 M
The design is equipped with an output for 220 V and 127 V. At the output, the indicator should not exceed 250 Volts. A more accurate value is set manually by the owner himself. The set voltage can be seen on the threaded scale, the adjustment of which is extremely convenient. The power of the unit is 0.5 kW, which classifies it as a low-power one. It is worth noting the presence of a high-quality cooling system.
The cost of construction is 1000 rubles.
LATR PHO 250 0.5 M
Advantages:
- ease of manual adjustment;
- high service life;
- high level of reliability;
- acceptable cost;
- efficient cooling system;
- two connectors for input voltage.
Flaws:
- terminals are required for connection;
- low power indicator;
- voltmeter not included.
ATS220/100-100
Polish manufacturer's product. Used for electrical appliances that operate on 100-120 V. Has an additional American or Japanese-style outlet that is suitable for appliances used in those regions. Thus, you can significantly save on the search and subsequent purchase of an auxiliary adapter.
The kit will cost 1500-2500 rubles.
ATS220/100-100
Advantages:
- insignificant weight;
- after troubleshooting, automatic activation occurs;
- protection against overheating and short circuit.
Flaws:
- moisture resistance is low.
Conclusion
The main advantage of induction designs is a high degree of reliability and reasonable cost of popular models.The disadvantages are considered to be the significant weight of individual devices and their low sensitivity to power surges. As a result, these structures are of extremely limited use. It is not recommended to use them to power ceiling lights. Electronic are often used for halogen lamps. They are characterized by the presence of a stable output voltage indicator and acceptable power, so there are no special restrictions on their use. Lamp protection units are considered to be a separate category.
During the connection process, a soft start occurs. Electric transformers guarantee the protection of lighting devices from significant voltage drops. Thus, it was possible to significantly extend the service life of the lamps.